3️⃣ It reconstructs how institutional entrepreneurs used the article to push for a more ambitious industrial policy in the context of state aid modernization, eventually resulting in the creation of a standalone policy instrument.

2️⃣ It discusses how the article evolved over the ensuing decades, remaining mostly dormant despite some discussions in the 1980s to provide more explicit guidance.

1️⃣ It offers a detailed reconstruction of how the 'IPCEI article' (today 107(3)(b) TFEU) emerged during the negotiations leading up to the Treaty of Rome.

The paper offers a deep dive into the history of the IPCEI article, from its origins in the 1950s to the 2014 IPCEI communication. Introducing the concept of institutional activation, the paper sheds light on three historical episodes.

It was only in 2014 that the Commission decided to 'activate' this sleeping legal resource by introducing IPCEIs as a standalone policy instrument.

As many have noted, the Treaty article on which IPCEIs are based goes all the way back to the Treaty of Rome but has remained largely dormant over the first decades of EU history.

IPCEIs have recently received a lot of attention in Europe's industrial policy discussions. For example, both the Draghi and Letta reports as well as the new Commission's political guidelines give it pride of place in Europe's emerging industrial policy edifice.

Thanks so much Ben, means a lot coming from you!

„Die Hermann-Hesse-Bahn kostet insgesamt 180 Millionen Euro (…). Von den 180 Millionen Euro werden 80 Millionen Euro allein für den Artenschutz aufgewendet, weitere, zusätzliche 25 Millionen Euro kosten die Gutachten.“ —schon einfach Wahnsinn…

#teamabundance

Maybe try again, I’ve received applications today so the platform should be live. If it does not work, shoot me an email but it’s the only way to apply.