(8) This work wouldn't have been possible without my amazing collaborators Sunayana Rane, Tyler Giallanza, Nicolò De Sabbata, Kia Ghods, Amogh Joshi, Alexander Ku, @frankland.bsky.social, @cocoscilab.bsky.social, Jonathan Cohen, and @taylorwwebb.bsky.social.

(7) The punchline? Capacity limits aren't just about the number of objects - they stem from interference between representations when processing multiple things at once. This 'binding problem' creates fundamental constraints on parallel processing in both humans and VLMs🧍‍♂️🤖 .

(6) Finally, we found that breaking 🪚🔨 visual analogy tasks into smaller chunks (i.e. performing object segmentation) to mitigate the influence of feature interference improves performance on those tasks.

(5) We developed a scene description benchmark inspired by visual working memory tasks to more directly evaluate how feature overlap affects performance. Key finding: Errors spike when objects share overlapping features - driven by 'illusory conjunctions' where features get mixed up!

(4) Both multimodal LMs & text-to-image models show strict capacity limits - similar to human 'subitizing' limits during rapid parallel processing. Key finding: They improve with visually distinct objects, suggesting failures stem from feature interference.

(3) To investigate this, we tested VLMs on classic visual search tasks. They excel at finding unique objects (e.g., one green shape among red shapes 🔴🟢🔴🔴). But searching for specific feature combinations? Performance drops substantially - similar to people when under time pressure.

(2) The binding problem refers to difficulties in maintaining correct associations between features (like color & shape 🖍️⬛️) when representing multiple objects over the same representational substrate. These difficulties are a consequence of interference in parallel processing systems.