4/ by manipulating the social context in the WWYS question in a between-subjects experiment, I derive causal estimates of ideological “code-switching” caused by liberal and conservative interlocutors (using close-friend speech as a reference/control)

3/ I scale the data using a model similar to Wordfish (but since it’s for ordinal data, I call it WordSTICKS): the ideological content of each phrase is defined by the latent ideal points of the people who use/avoid the phrase

2/ I collect data using the “What Would You Say?” (WWYS) question, which asks respondents whether they would use various politically-charged words and phrases in a given social context (like a conversation with a close friend)