This makes it incredibly difficult to track NDM plasmids across the country for surveillance purposes! Long-read sequencing is recommended for resolving NDM plasmid structure, cluster membership, and potential transposon-mediated spread in future studies

8/8

We searched for trends at specific sites and found examples of how a plasmid can be stable and maintain its structure for months, and also how a single event (recombination with a co-resident plasmid) can dramatically change plasmid structure and consequently classification by MOB-suite/pling

7/8

We found 11.4 % of isolates encoded both NDM and OXA-48 in the same cell. Nine plasmids encoded both NDM and OXA-48-type genes on the same backbone, which haven't been seen much in the lit yet. Five were in Kleb pneumo ST16 on an IncX3 backbone

6/8

Most of the NDM plasmids in our dataset were IncF-type (not a popular type in other studies) and had multiple #AMR genes and mobile elements. This made it impossible to predict plasmid clusters for isolates with short-read only data

5/8

We used MOB-suite (github.com/phac-nml/mob...) and pling (github.com/iqbal-lab-or...) to group plasmids, and while we didn’t do a thorough comparison, their trends were the same: many small clusters = lots of diversity

4/8

NDM plasmid diversity is extremely high and plasmid transfer has not played a major role in NDM spread across Canada. This is unlike KPC and OXA-48-type plasmids over the same surveillance period

KPC: journals.asm.org/doi/full/10....
OXA: www.microbiologyresearch.org/content/jour...

3/8

We had a big dataset (1032 isolates, 226 complete NDM plasmids) over 14 years of #AMR surveillance data from the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program (CNISP)

2/8

And our analysis pipeline venae (Snakemake, Nextflow coming soon) here: github.com/phac-nml/venae

Feel free to reach out with questions/comments!
3/3

An example of the clinician-friendly output report we are designing can be found here: lerminin.github.io/abphm_2025_p...
2/3