While our findings offer convincing evidence for unconscious priming at the single-subject level based on proper statistical procedures, our study also emphasises the importance of providing clear instructions and sufficient training to appropriately assess awareness.

When directly comparing prime and mask discrimination, we found an indirect task advantage in the same three participants for whom we showed unc. priming using the double t-test approach.

In this framework, unconscious processing occurs if there is an indirect task advantage (priming effect) over the direct task (prime discrimination), which would indicate the indirect task is capitalising on information that is otherwise not available consciously.

Because the double t-test approach is inherently wrong, using the median-split technique, we recoded the mask discrimination (indirect task) reaction times into accuracy to directly compare them with prime discrimination responses (direct task).

Even after training, some SOAs still showed chance prime discrimination (although not in all SOAs, as in Vorberg et al.). Using the double t-test approach, as in Vorberg et al. (2003), we established unconscious priming in at least one SOA for 3 participants.

Unlike in Vorberg et al., some participants could already discriminate the prime at longer SOAs even before training. In the priming task, however, we replicated Vorberg’s main pattern of results.

We tackled common issues in unc. priming research: reliance on a non-significant p-value to claim no awareness, lack of direct comparison between awareness and priming, and insufficient training for participants.

In Vorberg et al. (2003), participants were slower to respond to an arrow-shaped mask when it followed an arrow-shaped prime pointing in the opposite direction, despite participants not being aware of the prime. Or they were faster if both prime and mask were pointing in the same direction.

thank you for fixing it so quickly, and also for having vegan food. I've been attending the conference for a while and it's the first time I'm not hungry all day 🫶

the answer is yes, but limited

metacontrast masking, as in Vorberg et al. (2003). Different time courses for visual perception and action priming

done with these (also) lovely people: @Chris Jungerius (fix your handle), @smfleming.bsky.social, @svangaal.bsky.social, @fahrenfort.bsky.social