We also emphasize the importance of methodological rigor: distinguishing between breaches and violent recidivism, and accounting for selection effects, significantly alters conclusions.

Using a longitudinal dataset of 6,000+ convicted IPV offenders in Catalonia, we find that while risk may initially increase, long-term protective effects emerge—particularly after several months. This suggests that protection orders are not a quick fix, but they can reduce recidivism over time

Thanks Alba!