Greenwald compares the self to totalitarian regimes and scientific paradigms. All three overestimate their importance, suppress conflicting information, and resist change to keep a stable narrative, even at the cost of accuracy or openness.
Greenwald compares the self to totalitarian regimes and scientific paradigms. All three overestimate their importance, suppress conflicting information, and resist change to keep a stable narrative, even at the cost of accuracy or openness.
Rather than idealizing virtue and justice, Shklar focuses on confronting evil and injustice. She argues that fear of systematic cruelty precludes freedom, and protecting individuals from abuse of power should be the primary concern of liberalism.
Rather than idealizing virtue and justice, Shklar focuses on confronting evil and injustice. She argues that fear of systematic cruelty precludes freedom, and protecting individuals from abuse of power should be the primary concern of liberalism.
MacIntyre defines virtues as qualities cultivating goods internal to practice, notes the tension against external goods (money, fame), and concludes: societies dominated by the pursuit of external goods weaken virtues and spawn simulacra.
MacIntyre defines virtues as qualities cultivating goods internal to practice, notes the tension against external goods (money, fame), and concludes: societies dominated by the pursuit of external goods weaken virtues and spawn simulacra.
Dworkin distills the term ”liberalism” from various positions under the same name. Its core rejects a singular vision of ”the good life” and upholds equal respect and concern for individuals through rights protecting against domination by collective forces.
Dworkin distills the term ”liberalism” from various positions under the same name. Its core rejects a singular vision of ”the good life” and upholds equal respect and concern for individuals through rights protecting against domination by collective forces.
MacCallum generalizes freedom as: "x is (is not) free from y to do (not do, become, not become) z". Different conceptions emerge by plugging in empirical/ideal self for x, external/internal obstacle for y, action/personal quality for z.
MacCallum generalizes freedom as: "x is (is not) free from y to do (not do, become, not become) z". Different conceptions emerge by plugging in empirical/ideal self for x, external/internal obstacle for y, action/personal quality for z.
The two concepts are negative liberty (freedom from interference) and positive liberty (freedom to achieve ”self-mastery”). Berlin warns that the ideals of positive liberty can be used to justify bad acts, and advocates for value pluralism.
The two concepts are negative liberty (freedom from interference) and positive liberty (freedom to achieve ”self-mastery”). Berlin warns that the ideals of positive liberty can be used to justify bad acts, and advocates for value pluralism.