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In other words, state toleration molds militants to ambiguous and sometimes chaotic cooperation with the state, reducing violence without restoring a monopoly on force. This helps explain why separatist regions so often get stuck for decades in "frozen conflict" and "durable disorder."

Second, a green light for low-level coercion makes more moderate armed groups (who can work inside ceasefire more successfully) more attractive and hardliners (who are less willing to work with the government) less attractive. Moderate factions, leaders, and splinter groups become stronger.

I find that periods of toleration have two effects.

First, comfort and safety attract many new recruits and supporters, many of whom have different goals and intentions than armed leaders themselves, leading to a larger but far less disciplined and coherent movement.

Based on 1) survey experiments inside recruiting hotspots in separatist areas of Northeast India and 2) dozens of qualitative interviews tracing four armed movements in India and Sri Lanka. The book shows how armed movements transform from the inside out when states coexist with militants.

We didn't ask about media diet (probably something we would change if we did it again), but we did ask about education. American adults with a college degree were about 10 ppt MORE likely to favor deploying the military than those without a college degree. All of this was surprising to us.

We are so grateful for everyone who has played a role in this project: our project partners, everyone who has provided us comments over the years, and especially Rachel Brule for her early work on this project. Stay tuned for two more papers to come! (6/n)

This provides an important window into the experiences and attitudes of nearly 300 million migrants (and many more former migrants) around the world. Some will influence their destination regions, but more will return home to play important roles in their sending regions. (5/n)

With survey evidence and qualitative interviews, we trace these effects to intercultural contact. Even in day-to-day service work, migrants made meaningful connections to native-born individuals and to migrants from other cultures. (4/n)

In this paper, we show that -- contrary to some prior work on native-born individuals -- migrating overseas makes migrants more tolerant of other cultural groups, more likely to identify with cosmopolitan identities, and more supportive of global integration. (3/n)

Working with local governments/NGOs and international recruiters, our team connected randomly-selected (interested) young people from Northeast India with good paying, safe jobs in the Gulf region's hospitality sector (working at quick-service restaurants, etc.). (2/n)