For sure!

Thanks Elliot! I hope you're very well. I really enjoyed your recent Brain Stimulation article!

Overall, these results show that even low-level auditory working memory (i.e. not involving semantic features or high-level representations) engages a distributed network of brain regions, which includes strong involvement of the hippocampus. (5/5)

State space analyses showed that task phases were clearly separable based on population activity, with neurons reaching an attractor-like state during maintenance and adjustment phases. Better task performance was associated with an increase in the number of neurons showing modulation. (4/5)

Neurons in all the aforementioned regions (and others) showed modulation during the maintenance and adjustment phases of the task, with the highest proportion modulated in posterior hippocampus in the maintenance period. Strikingly, suppression was the dominant pattern of activity. (3/5)

We recorded single neurons while participants performed a task that involved keeping a simple tone in mind and then adjusting ongoing tones to match following a maintenance period of 3 seconds. We recorded a wide variety of regions, including hippocampus, cingulate, insula. (2/5)

These results also constitute some of the only - if not the only (to my knowledge!) - reports of single neurons from human anterior insula. Reports from auditory cortex and posterior insula are also surprisingly scarce. Thanks as always to our amazing patients and my awesome co-authors. (5/5)

Overall, these results are consistent with what others have shown in LFPs, though usually those are examined in behaviorally-relevant contexts. These findings highlight that insula cares about fundamental sound attributes, which is important to know when considering responses to other stimuli. (4/5)

Many of these neurons also showed clear preferred tuning to particular tone frequencies - completely unsurprising for auditory cortex, but an interesting finding for insula. An important aspect is that there was no task required, so there was no behavioral context for these stimuli. (3/5)

We find that the activity of ~30% of posterior insula neurons and up to ~15% of anterior insula neurons is significantly modulated in response to these basic sounds. The latencies of these responses are very similar to primary auditory cortex, though the responses are much more transient. (2/5)

Thank you very much, Liberty! Your awesome work was particularly an inspiration for putting this together, though it's hard to fully convey that in a paper.

Thanks as always to my co-authors, and you for reading this! 4/4

Ultimately, we hope that by clarifying the specific roles of various brain regions in tinnitus, we can start to work towards considering novel treatment approaches that might better account for differences in symptoms and treatment response across individuals. 3/4

The idea is to re-focus the specific role of this brain structure in tinnitus. In most other literature outside of tinnitus, the hippocampus being involved in maintaining memories is pretty uncontroversial, while in tinnitus it's most often referred to in an "emotional" role. 2/4