Gijs D Mulders
@gijsmulders.com
And finally, you can read the entire paper here, soon to be published in ApJ:
arxiv.org/abs/2509.14101
19 /🧵
arxiv.org/abs/2509.14101
19 /🧵
Diversity in planetary architectures from pebble accretion: Water delivery to the habitable zone with pebble snow
"Pebble snow" describes a planet formation mechanism where icy pebbles in the outer disk reach inner planet embryos as the water ice line evolves inward. We model the effects pebble snow has on sculpt...
arxiv.org
October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
And finally, you can read the entire paper here, soon to be published in ApJ:
arxiv.org/abs/2509.14101
19 /🧵
arxiv.org/abs/2509.14101
19 /🧵
Solar system-like architectures appear for a small range of initial disk masses around F and G stars, but are not a common feature around K and M stars.
Perhaps we are somewhat special among #exoplanets?
18 /🧵
Perhaps we are somewhat special among #exoplanets?
18 /🧵
October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
Solar system-like architectures appear for a small range of initial disk masses around F and G stars, but are not a common feature around K and M stars.
Perhaps we are somewhat special among #exoplanets?
18 /🧵
Perhaps we are somewhat special among #exoplanets?
18 /🧵
While the mid mass architecture is most efficient at depositing water directly in the habitable zone:
It's pebble snow!
#exoplanets
17/🧵
It's pebble snow!
#exoplanets
17/🧵
October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
While the mid mass architecture is most efficient at depositing water directly in the habitable zone:
It's pebble snow!
#exoplanets
17/🧵
It's pebble snow!
#exoplanets
17/🧵
The low-mass architectures are quite efficient at creating water-worlds close to the star.
16 /🧵
16 /🧵
October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
The low-mass architectures are quite efficient at creating water-worlds close to the star.
16 /🧵
16 /🧵
The architectures are remarkably consistent across stellar mass, with the location and size of planets shifting with snow line and disk mass
15 /🧵
15 /🧵
October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
The architectures are remarkably consistent across stellar mass, with the location and size of planets shifting with snow line and disk mass
15 /🧵
15 /🧵
The mid mass architectures form a bimodal distribution:
Giant planet cores at the initial snow line location,
and a second peak with smaller, water-rich #exoplanets in the habitable zone!
14/🧵
Giant planet cores at the initial snow line location,
and a second peak with smaller, water-rich #exoplanets in the habitable zone!
14/🧵
October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
The mid mass architectures form a bimodal distribution:
Giant planet cores at the initial snow line location,
and a second peak with smaller, water-rich #exoplanets in the habitable zone!
14/🧵
Giant planet cores at the initial snow line location,
and a second peak with smaller, water-rich #exoplanets in the habitable zone!
14/🧵
Low mass disks from predominantly planetary cores closer in, possible precursors to super-earths or waterworlds.
12/🧵
12/🧵
October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
Low mass disks from predominantly planetary cores closer in, possible precursors to super-earths or waterworlds.
12/🧵
12/🧵
The main results is there are three growth modes:
High mass disks form exclusively giant planet cores outside the snow line
11/🧵
High mass disks form exclusively giant planet cores outside the snow line
11/🧵
October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
The main results is there are three growth modes:
High mass disks form exclusively giant planet cores outside the snow line
11/🧵
High mass disks form exclusively giant planet cores outside the snow line
11/🧵
And explored a large range of stellar mass and disk mass to identify trends
10/🧵
10/🧵
October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
And explored a large range of stellar mass and disk mass to identify trends
10/🧵
10/🧵
And a snow line that moves in over time
9/🧵
9/🧵
October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
And a snow line that moves in over time
9/🧵
9/🧵
Sean added two components:
Pebble filtering from 100s of planetary cores growing simultaneously
8/🧵
Pebble filtering from 100s of planetary cores growing simultaneously
8/🧵
October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
Sean added two components:
Pebble filtering from 100s of planetary cores growing simultaneously
8/🧵
Pebble filtering from 100s of planetary cores growing simultaneously
8/🧵
And the code from Ormel & Liu 2018 that calculates planet growth from the pebble flux.
i.astro.tsinghua.edu.cn/~cormel/NewS...
7/🧵
i.astro.tsinghua.edu.cn/~cormel/NewS...
7/🧵
Chris Ormel's research page
i.astro.tsinghua.edu.cn
October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
And the code from Ormel & Liu 2018 that calculates planet growth from the pebble flux.
i.astro.tsinghua.edu.cn/~cormel/NewS...
7/🧵
i.astro.tsinghua.edu.cn/~cormel/NewS...
7/🧵
PPOL is an amalgam of Pebble Predictor, a code that models the flow of pebbles through the disk
github.com/astrojoanna/...
6/🧵
github.com/astrojoanna/...
6/🧵
GitHub - astrojoanna/pebble-predictor: Predicts Stokes number and pebble flux in a smooth protoplanetary disk
Predicts Stokes number and pebble flux in a smooth protoplanetary disk - astrojoanna/pebble-predictor
github.com
October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
PPOL is an amalgam of Pebble Predictor, a code that models the flow of pebbles through the disk
github.com/astrojoanna/...
6/🧵
github.com/astrojoanna/...
6/🧵
To address this question University of North Dakota graduate Sean McCloat created the PPOLs model
github.com/spmccloat/th...
spmccloat.github.io/thePPOLSmode...
5/🧵
github.com/spmccloat/th...
spmccloat.github.io/thePPOLSmode...
5/🧵
GitHub - spmccloat/thePPOLSmodel: Code and docs for planet accretion via pebble snow model.
Code and docs for planet accretion via pebble snow model. - spmccloat/thePPOLSmodel
github.com
October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
To address this question University of North Dakota graduate Sean McCloat created the PPOLs model
github.com/spmccloat/th...
spmccloat.github.io/thePPOLSmode...
5/🧵
github.com/spmccloat/th...
spmccloat.github.io/thePPOLSmode...
5/🧵
How would the diverse population of giants planets discovered around other stars, impact the mass and water content of exoplanets in the habitable zone?
4/🧵
4/🧵
October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
How would the diverse population of giants planets discovered around other stars, impact the mass and water content of exoplanets in the habitable zone?
4/🧵
4/🧵
Jupiter has long been suspected to play as role in shaping the inner solar system and controlling water delivery to earth
3/🧵
3/🧵
October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
Jupiter has long been suspected to play as role in shaping the inner solar system and controlling water delivery to earth
3/🧵
3/🧵
One of the big mysterious in planet formation is how earth got to its current state:
Not too big or too small, and with the right amount of water to support life.
2/🧵
Not too big or too small, and with the right amount of water to support life.
2/🧵
October 8, 2025 at 9:10 PM
One of the big mysterious in planet formation is how earth got to its current state:
Not too big or too small, and with the right amount of water to support life.
2/🧵
Not too big or too small, and with the right amount of water to support life.
2/🧵