Sameer 🐦 ⌬
@dxrsam.bsky.social
Linguistics, mythology, mathematics, etc. Mainly on Twitter (@dxrsam_0); posting some stuff here.
Our final example is βέβασαν “they had taken their stand” (Iliad II 17.286), corresponding to the perfect βεβάᾱσι “they stand, are somewhere” (contracted: βεβᾶσι).
Formation attached.
www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?...
To be continued…
Formation attached.
www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?...
To be continued…
February 20, 2025 at 12:20 PM
Our final example is βέβασαν “they had taken their stand” (Iliad II 17.286), corresponding to the perfect βεβάᾱσι “they stand, are somewhere” (contracted: βεβᾶσι).
Formation attached.
www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?...
To be continued…
Formation attached.
www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?...
To be continued…
Our next example is ἐπέπιθμεν (Iliad II 2.341), corresponding to the perfect πεποίθαμεν "we believe, trust".
Formation attached.
www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?...
Note the zero-grade root in the pluperfect
∷ o-grade in the perfect
∷ e-grade in the present (πείθ-ο-μεν "we convince").
Formation attached.
www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?...
Note the zero-grade root in the pluperfect
∷ o-grade in the perfect
∷ e-grade in the present (πείθ-ο-μεν "we convince").
February 20, 2025 at 12:20 PM
Our next example is ἐπέπιθμεν (Iliad II 2.341), corresponding to the perfect πεποίθαμεν "we believe, trust".
Formation attached.
www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?...
Note the zero-grade root in the pluperfect
∷ o-grade in the perfect
∷ e-grade in the present (πείθ-ο-μεν "we convince").
Formation attached.
www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?...
Note the zero-grade root in the pluperfect
∷ o-grade in the perfect
∷ e-grade in the present (πείθ-ο-μεν "we convince").
① The first formation of the pluperfect simply uses secondary endings with the perfect stem.
Only dual and plural forms are found, and in Epic Greek.
[In Vedic too the athematic endings are used, e.g. 3sg अज॑गन् á-ja-gan “he went”, 2du अमु॑मुक्तम् á-mu-muk-tam “you two freed”.]
Only dual and plural forms are found, and in Epic Greek.
[In Vedic too the athematic endings are used, e.g. 3sg अज॑गन् á-ja-gan “he went”, 2du अमु॑मुक्तम् á-mu-muk-tam “you two freed”.]
February 20, 2025 at 12:20 PM
① The first formation of the pluperfect simply uses secondary endings with the perfect stem.
Only dual and plural forms are found, and in Epic Greek.
[In Vedic too the athematic endings are used, e.g. 3sg अज॑गन् á-ja-gan “he went”, 2du अमु॑मुक्तम् á-mu-muk-tam “you two freed”.]
Only dual and plural forms are found, and in Epic Greek.
[In Vedic too the athematic endings are used, e.g. 3sg अज॑गन् á-ja-gan “he went”, 2du अमु॑मुक्तम् á-mu-muk-tam “you two freed”.]
Reposted by Sameer 🐦 ⌬
they did forget which sense goes first but this is because maltese is left to right whereas other semitic languages are right to left
February 18, 2025 at 6:59 PM
they did forget which sense goes first but this is because maltese is left to right whereas other semitic languages are right to left
③ If the Hittite ḫi-conjugation is related to the PIE perfect,
1sg -ḫi < *-ḫai < *-h₂e-i
e.g. šākḫi "i know"
The origin of the ḫi-conjugation nevertheless remains the “vexatissima quaestio of Anatolian morphology” [Oettinger 2017].
1sg -ḫi < *-ḫai < *-h₂e-i
e.g. šākḫi "i know"
The origin of the ḫi-conjugation nevertheless remains the “vexatissima quaestio of Anatolian morphology” [Oettinger 2017].
February 18, 2025 at 4:02 PM
③ If the Hittite ḫi-conjugation is related to the PIE perfect,
1sg -ḫi < *-ḫai < *-h₂e-i
e.g. šākḫi "i know"
The origin of the ḫi-conjugation nevertheless remains the “vexatissima quaestio of Anatolian morphology” [Oettinger 2017].
1sg -ḫi < *-ḫai < *-h₂e-i
e.g. šākḫi "i know"
The origin of the ḫi-conjugation nevertheless remains the “vexatissima quaestio of Anatolian morphology” [Oettinger 2017].
Compare Sanskrit वेद॑ véda, Greek οἶδα < *woyd-h₂e.
The usual OCS form вѣмь has the hic-et-nunc ending *-mi imported outright, bringing it in line with other athematic verbs, as дамь "i give" [cf. ददा॑मि dádāmi, δίδωμι].
The usual OCS form вѣмь has the hic-et-nunc ending *-mi imported outright, bringing it in line with other athematic verbs, as дамь "i give" [cf. ददा॑मि dádāmi, δίδωμι].
February 18, 2025 at 4:02 PM
Compare Sanskrit वेद॑ véda, Greek οἶδα < *woyd-h₂e.
The usual OCS form вѣмь has the hic-et-nunc ending *-mi imported outright, bringing it in line with other athematic verbs, as дамь "i give" [cf. ददा॑मि dádāmi, δίδωμι].
The usual OCS form вѣмь has the hic-et-nunc ending *-mi imported outright, bringing it in line with other athematic verbs, as дамь "i give" [cf. ददा॑मि dádāmi, δίδωμι].
See Sihler (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, 459ff.
February 17, 2025 at 9:45 AM
See Sihler (1995), New Comparative Grammar of Greek and Latin, 459ff.
referring to Ancient Greek itself.
i mean that *φέρεσι, *δίδωσι, which directly reflected PIE *bʰér-e-si, *di-deh₃-si, should have led to Greek ˣφέρει, ˣδίδωι.
but these were re-touched with secondary -ς (which had survived, being at word-end) to clarify the 2sg-ness of these — φέρει-ς, δίδω-ς
i mean that *φέρεσι, *δίδωσι, which directly reflected PIE *bʰér-e-si, *di-deh₃-si, should have led to Greek ˣφέρει, ˣδίδωι.
but these were re-touched with secondary -ς (which had survived, being at word-end) to clarify the 2sg-ness of these — φέρει-ς, δίδω-ς
February 17, 2025 at 9:43 AM
referring to Ancient Greek itself.
i mean that *φέρεσι, *δίδωσι, which directly reflected PIE *bʰér-e-si, *di-deh₃-si, should have led to Greek ˣφέρει, ˣδίδωι.
but these were re-touched with secondary -ς (which had survived, being at word-end) to clarify the 2sg-ness of these — φέρει-ς, δίδω-ς
i mean that *φέρεσι, *δίδωσι, which directly reflected PIE *bʰér-e-si, *di-deh₃-si, should have led to Greek ˣφέρει, ˣδίδωι.
but these were re-touched with secondary -ς (which had survived, being at word-end) to clarify the 2sg-ness of these — φέρει-ς, δίδω-ς
… *ἐσ- was extracted from a form like 3sg ἐστί [PIE *h₁ésti], and to it was attached the 2sg ending *-σι which would have been normal at the time.
[So *φέρεσι for φέρει-ς, *δίδωσι for δίδω-ς which are now products of re-characterization using secondary -ς as in the imperfect ἐδίδως].
[So *φέρεσι for φέρει-ς, *δίδωσι for δίδω-ς which are now products of re-characterization using secondary -ς as in the imperfect ἐδίδως].
February 17, 2025 at 8:52 AM
… *ἐσ- was extracted from a form like 3sg ἐστί [PIE *h₁ésti], and to it was attached the 2sg ending *-σι which would have been normal at the time.
[So *φέρεσι for φέρει-ς, *δίδωσι for δίδω-ς which are now products of re-characterization using secondary -ς as in the imperfect ἐδίδως].
[So *φέρεσι for φέρει-ς, *δίδωσι for δίδω-ς which are now products of re-characterization using secondary -ς as in the imperfect ἐδίδως].