Banger from Sihler.

The shades of the #Greek pluperfect. 🧵

Like in #Vedic, the pluperfect is formed as a preterite in the perfect system, when stative verbs like οἶδα "i know" require a past tense, hence ἤιδεα "i knew".

Or ὄσσε ἐίκτην "[his] eyes were like" to ὄσσε ἐοίκατον "..are like".

they did forget which sense goes first but this is because maltese is left to right whereas other semitic languages are right to left

Languages in which #PIE 1sg stative ending *-h₂e has been “retouched” with the primary eventive marker *-i (as in *-mi, *-ti, & others), per Sihler:

① Latin -ī (e.g. vīdī "i saw")
< -ei (as in epigraphic ꜰᴇᴄᴇɪ "i did")
< *-ai < *-h₂e-i

② OCS вѣдѣ “i know”
< *woyd-h₂e-i

The singular form in #Greek in which the PIE 2sg primary ending *-si is found as such is Homeric ἐσσί “you are”!

It'a a product of analogy, formed at a point in time when intervocalic *s was still not lost, i.e. the intermediate step in PIE *h₁ési > *ἔσι > εἶ (Attic). The stem …