We also find that co-partisanship mediates preferences for clientelism among higher-income citizens, but not others. We (tentatively) think this suggests that higher-income voters develop different, more relational ties with clientelist parties /7

Interestingly, we find no difference in preferences between higher- and lower-income citizens. Everybody disfavors low-value clientelism (food or cash), and everybody favors higher-value goods (medical care or jobs) /6

How does demand for clientelism vary by socioeconomic status? In our paper just out at @thejop.bsky.social, my co-authors Melani Cammett, Sami Atallah, and I use a survey experiment in Lebanon to question some assumptions about who demands clientelism. /1

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