Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
@arshiyasan.bsky.social
🧠 Neuroscientist, PhD candidate, lapsed MD
🇦🇺 Monash (Neural Systems and Behaviour Lab), ex Uni Melbourne
👨🔬MRI processing, tractography, computational modelling, cog-neuro, addiction
ADHD 🌈
English & Persian flavors
🇦🇺 Monash (Neural Systems and Behaviour Lab), ex Uni Melbourne
👨🔬MRI processing, tractography, computational modelling, cog-neuro, addiction
ADHD 🌈
English & Persian flavors
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
Interested in the mechanisms shaping the extraordinary complexity of the connectome?
Then check out our new preprint, lead by
Francis Normand with a stellar team, showing how geometry constrains connectome architecture:
biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
Full thread here:
tinyurl.com/sfv3yf73
Then check out our new preprint, lead by
Francis Normand with a stellar team, showing how geometry constrains connectome architecture:
biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
Full thread here:
tinyurl.com/sfv3yf73
September 19, 2025 at 8:37 PM
Interested in the mechanisms shaping the extraordinary complexity of the connectome?
Then check out our new preprint, lead by
Francis Normand with a stellar team, showing how geometry constrains connectome architecture:
biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
Full thread here:
tinyurl.com/sfv3yf73
Then check out our new preprint, lead by
Francis Normand with a stellar team, showing how geometry constrains connectome architecture:
biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
Full thread here:
tinyurl.com/sfv3yf73
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
Huge congrats to a fab team on this massive effort!
Francis Normand
@m-gajwani.bsky.social
@jchrispang.bsky.social
J Cruddas
@arshiyasan.bsky.social
Alex Holmes
@stuartoldham.bsky.social
Peter Robinson
Francis Normand
@m-gajwani.bsky.social
@jchrispang.bsky.social
J Cruddas
@arshiyasan.bsky.social
Alex Holmes
@stuartoldham.bsky.social
Peter Robinson
September 19, 2025 at 8:37 PM
Huge congrats to a fab team on this massive effort!
Francis Normand
@m-gajwani.bsky.social
@jchrispang.bsky.social
J Cruddas
@arshiyasan.bsky.social
Alex Holmes
@stuartoldham.bsky.social
Peter Robinson
Francis Normand
@m-gajwani.bsky.social
@jchrispang.bsky.social
J Cruddas
@arshiyasan.bsky.social
Alex Holmes
@stuartoldham.bsky.social
Peter Robinson
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
📣 Calling all early career #neuroscientists!
@thetransmitter.bsky.social & Neuromatch are teaming up to better understand how to support #EarlyCareer Researchers. Whether you're a student, postdoc, or launching your career, we want to hear from you.
➡️ www.thetransmitter.org/early-career...
@thetransmitter.bsky.social & Neuromatch are teaming up to better understand how to support #EarlyCareer Researchers. Whether you're a student, postdoc, or launching your career, we want to hear from you.
➡️ www.thetransmitter.org/early-career...
August 18, 2025 at 7:01 AM
📣 Calling all early career #neuroscientists!
@thetransmitter.bsky.social & Neuromatch are teaming up to better understand how to support #EarlyCareer Researchers. Whether you're a student, postdoc, or launching your career, we want to hear from you.
➡️ www.thetransmitter.org/early-career...
@thetransmitter.bsky.social & Neuromatch are teaming up to better understand how to support #EarlyCareer Researchers. Whether you're a student, postdoc, or launching your career, we want to hear from you.
➡️ www.thetransmitter.org/early-career...
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
Interested in Network hubs, cortical hierarchies, and gradients? Ever wonder where they come from? Check our latest review, where we cover different approaches to mapping hubs, models for their evolution, and mechanisms for how they develop:
osf.io/preprints/os...
osf.io/preprints/os...
August 17, 2025 at 4:27 AM
Interested in Network hubs, cortical hierarchies, and gradients? Ever wonder where they come from? Check our latest review, where we cover different approaches to mapping hubs, models for their evolution, and mechanisms for how they develop:
osf.io/preprints/os...
osf.io/preprints/os...
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
Mapping cerebral blood perfusion and its links to multi-scale brain organization across the human lifespan | doi.org/10.1371/jour...
How does blood perfusion map onto canonical features of brain structure and function? @asafarahani.bsky.social investigates @plosbiology.org ⤵️
How does blood perfusion map onto canonical features of brain structure and function? @asafarahani.bsky.social investigates @plosbiology.org ⤵️
August 8, 2025 at 2:24 PM
Mapping cerebral blood perfusion and its links to multi-scale brain organization across the human lifespan | doi.org/10.1371/jour...
How does blood perfusion map onto canonical features of brain structure and function? @asafarahani.bsky.social investigates @plosbiology.org ⤵️
How does blood perfusion map onto canonical features of brain structure and function? @asafarahani.bsky.social investigates @plosbiology.org ⤵️
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
New paper in Imaging Neuroscience by Kane Pavlovich, Alex Fornito, et al:
The efficacy of resting-state fMRI denoising pipelines for motion correction and behavioural prediction
doi.org/10.1162/IMAG...
The efficacy of resting-state fMRI denoising pipelines for motion correction and behavioural prediction
doi.org/10.1162/IMAG...
August 8, 2025 at 4:51 AM
New paper in Imaging Neuroscience by Kane Pavlovich, Alex Fornito, et al:
The efficacy of resting-state fMRI denoising pipelines for motion correction and behavioural prediction
doi.org/10.1162/IMAG...
The efficacy of resting-state fMRI denoising pipelines for motion correction and behavioural prediction
doi.org/10.1162/IMAG...
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
🚨Pre-print alert🚨
We stimulated serotonin with optogenetics while doing large-scale Neuropixel recordings across the mouse brain. We found strong widespread modulation of neural activity, but no effect on the choices of the mouse 🐭
How is this possible? Strap in! (1/9) 👇🧵
doi.org/10.1101/2025...
We stimulated serotonin with optogenetics while doing large-scale Neuropixel recordings across the mouse brain. We found strong widespread modulation of neural activity, but no effect on the choices of the mouse 🐭
How is this possible? Strap in! (1/9) 👇🧵
doi.org/10.1101/2025...
Serotonin drives choice-independent reconfiguration of distributed neural activity
Serotonin (5-HT) is a central neuromodulator which is implicated in, amongst other functions, cognitive flexibility. 5-HT is released from the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) throughout nearly the entire f...
doi.org
August 5, 2025 at 12:32 PM
🚨Pre-print alert🚨
We stimulated serotonin with optogenetics while doing large-scale Neuropixel recordings across the mouse brain. We found strong widespread modulation of neural activity, but no effect on the choices of the mouse 🐭
How is this possible? Strap in! (1/9) 👇🧵
doi.org/10.1101/2025...
We stimulated serotonin with optogenetics while doing large-scale Neuropixel recordings across the mouse brain. We found strong widespread modulation of neural activity, but no effect on the choices of the mouse 🐭
How is this possible? Strap in! (1/9) 👇🧵
doi.org/10.1101/2025...
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
1/3) This may be a very important paper, it suggests that there are no prediction error encoding neurons in sensory areas of cortex:
www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
I personally am a big fan of the idea that cortical regions (allo and neo) are doing sequence prediction.
But...
🧠📈 🧪
www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
I personally am a big fan of the idea that cortical regions (allo and neo) are doing sequence prediction.
But...
🧠📈 🧪
Sensory responses of visual cortical neurons are not prediction errors
Predictive coding is theorized to be a ubiquitous cortical process to explain sensory responses. It asserts that the brain continuously predicts sensory information and imposes those predictions on lo...
www.biorxiv.org
July 11, 2025 at 3:45 PM
1/3) This may be a very important paper, it suggests that there are no prediction error encoding neurons in sensory areas of cortex:
www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
I personally am a big fan of the idea that cortical regions (allo and neo) are doing sequence prediction.
But...
🧠📈 🧪
www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1...
I personally am a big fan of the idea that cortical regions (allo and neo) are doing sequence prediction.
But...
🧠📈 🧪
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
Psychologists & related fields: what is a big methods question that you believe remains somewhat unanswered & that you'd love to see adressed? There may be an opportunity for a large-scale meta-science project with many teams trying to figure out a question.
Any thoughts welcome! #psychscisky
Any thoughts welcome! #psychscisky
July 30, 2025 at 2:03 PM
Psychologists & related fields: what is a big methods question that you believe remains somewhat unanswered & that you'd love to see adressed? There may be an opportunity for a large-scale meta-science project with many teams trying to figure out a question.
Any thoughts welcome! #psychscisky
Any thoughts welcome! #psychscisky
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
Interested in cortical wave dynamics? Check out our new preprint led by J Cruddas with @jchrispang.bsky.social where review the physics and physiology of cortical waves and their implications for psychological function:
osf.io/preprints/ps...
@nsb-lab.bsky.social
osf.io/preprints/ps...
@nsb-lab.bsky.social
August 2, 2025 at 3:00 AM
Interested in cortical wave dynamics? Check out our new preprint led by J Cruddas with @jchrispang.bsky.social where review the physics and physiology of cortical waves and their implications for psychological function:
osf.io/preprints/ps...
@nsb-lab.bsky.social
osf.io/preprints/ps...
@nsb-lab.bsky.social
Beautiful mega-thread. Seeing niche academic threads begin to gain traction here makes me SO happy and hopeful about the future of this place!
Thread.
One like = 1 opinion about Jane Austen
August 1, 2025 at 9:14 PM
Beautiful mega-thread. Seeing niche academic threads begin to gain traction here makes me SO happy and hopeful about the future of this place!
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
11
Indeed, if we cluster our primates based exclusively on their behaviour, the main 2 clusters show significantly different brain volume. We can also look at the top types of behaviours that distinguish between clusters: social learning, tool use, extractive foraging, manipulation complexity…
Indeed, if we cluster our primates based exclusively on their behaviour, the main 2 clusters show significantly different brain volume. We can also look at the top types of behaviours that distinguish between clusters: social learning, tool use, extractive foraging, manipulation complexity…
July 27, 2025 at 5:43 PM
11
Indeed, if we cluster our primates based exclusively on their behaviour, the main 2 clusters show significantly different brain volume. We can also look at the top types of behaviours that distinguish between clusters: social learning, tool use, extractive foraging, manipulation complexity…
Indeed, if we cluster our primates based exclusively on their behaviour, the main 2 clusters show significantly different brain volume. We can also look at the top types of behaviours that distinguish between clusters: social learning, tool use, extractive foraging, manipulation complexity…
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
5
Concatenating primate brains based solely on their size provides a 1st striking illustration of the importance of mechanical morphogenesis: despite jumping across far branches of the phylogenetic tree, the sequence is largely continuous, hinting at a common underlying organising principle.
Concatenating primate brains based solely on their size provides a 1st striking illustration of the importance of mechanical morphogenesis: despite jumping across far branches of the phylogenetic tree, the sequence is largely continuous, hinting at a common underlying organising principle.
July 27, 2025 at 5:33 PM
5
Concatenating primate brains based solely on their size provides a 1st striking illustration of the importance of mechanical morphogenesis: despite jumping across far branches of the phylogenetic tree, the sequence is largely continuous, hinting at a common underlying organising principle.
Concatenating primate brains based solely on their size provides a 1st striking illustration of the importance of mechanical morphogenesis: despite jumping across far branches of the phylogenetic tree, the sequence is largely continuous, hinting at a common underlying organising principle.
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
1
To predict the behaviour of a primate, would you rather base your guess on a closely related species or one with a similar brain shape? We looked at brains & behaviours of 70 species, you’ll be surprised!
🧵Thread on our new preprint with @r3rt0.bsky.social , doi.org/10.1101/2025...
To predict the behaviour of a primate, would you rather base your guess on a closely related species or one with a similar brain shape? We looked at brains & behaviours of 70 species, you’ll be surprised!
🧵Thread on our new preprint with @r3rt0.bsky.social , doi.org/10.1101/2025...
July 27, 2025 at 5:26 PM
1
To predict the behaviour of a primate, would you rather base your guess on a closely related species or one with a similar brain shape? We looked at brains & behaviours of 70 species, you’ll be surprised!
🧵Thread on our new preprint with @r3rt0.bsky.social , doi.org/10.1101/2025...
To predict the behaviour of a primate, would you rather base your guess on a closely related species or one with a similar brain shape? We looked at brains & behaviours of 70 species, you’ll be surprised!
🧵Thread on our new preprint with @r3rt0.bsky.social , doi.org/10.1101/2025...
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
Excited to share this huge team effort collaboration supervised by Stephanie Page in Translational Neuroscience @lieberinstitute.bsky.social and @stephaniehicks.bsky.social @jhubiostat.bsky.social to generate a spatio-molecular resource of the hippocampus in human 🧠
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
An integrated single-nucleus and spatial transcriptomics atlas reveals the molecular landscape of the human hippocampus - Nature Neuroscience
The topographical organization of cells in the hippocampus reflects its ability to regulate mood and cognition. Here the authors generate a spatially resolved gene expression map in the human hippocam...
www.nature.com
July 30, 2025 at 8:51 PM
Excited to share this huge team effort collaboration supervised by Stephanie Page in Translational Neuroscience @lieberinstitute.bsky.social and @stephaniehicks.bsky.social @jhubiostat.bsky.social to generate a spatio-molecular resource of the hippocampus in human 🧠
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
www.nature.com/articles/s41...
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
📢Call for students📢
Are you a student passionate about #science communication?
Do you speak more than one language fluently?
We want to hear from you!
We're looking for multilingual students to help us make #neuroscience more accessible. Details here: neurofrontiers.blog/the-brain-ac...
#SciComm
Are you a student passionate about #science communication?
Do you speak more than one language fluently?
We want to hear from you!
We're looking for multilingual students to help us make #neuroscience more accessible. Details here: neurofrontiers.blog/the-brain-ac...
#SciComm
The brain across languages - Neurofrontiers
What this project is about Understanding the brain is essential and, without a doubt, fascinating. But while the science of the brain affects everyone, the language of that science remains predominant...
neurofrontiers.blog
June 14, 2025 at 8:03 AM
📢Call for students📢
Are you a student passionate about #science communication?
Do you speak more than one language fluently?
We want to hear from you!
We're looking for multilingual students to help us make #neuroscience more accessible. Details here: neurofrontiers.blog/the-brain-ac...
#SciComm
Are you a student passionate about #science communication?
Do you speak more than one language fluently?
We want to hear from you!
We're looking for multilingual students to help us make #neuroscience more accessible. Details here: neurofrontiers.blog/the-brain-ac...
#SciComm
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
Brain energy = cognitive health? 🧠⚡
Dr. Sharna Jamadar's (@sharnajamadar.bsky.social) research reveals that understanding how brain regions coordinate energy use could be a game-changer for predicting cognitive decline
www.ohbm-com.com/brain-bites/...
#ohbm2025 #brainbites
Dr. Sharna Jamadar's (@sharnajamadar.bsky.social) research reveals that understanding how brain regions coordinate energy use could be a game-changer for predicting cognitive decline
www.ohbm-com.com/brain-bites/...
#ohbm2025 #brainbites
Keynote series Dr. Sharna Jamadar — Seeing the aging brain in a new light: “The power of fPET imaging” — OHBM Communications
Dr. Sharna Jamadar’s keynote sheds light on a promising new lens for understanding cognitive aging: the brain’s energy economy . Through her work with functional PET (fPET) imaging, Jamadar and colle...
www.ohbm-com.com
July 8, 2025 at 3:01 PM
Brain energy = cognitive health? 🧠⚡
Dr. Sharna Jamadar's (@sharnajamadar.bsky.social) research reveals that understanding how brain regions coordinate energy use could be a game-changer for predicting cognitive decline
www.ohbm-com.com/brain-bites/...
#ohbm2025 #brainbites
Dr. Sharna Jamadar's (@sharnajamadar.bsky.social) research reveals that understanding how brain regions coordinate energy use could be a game-changer for predicting cognitive decline
www.ohbm-com.com/brain-bites/...
#ohbm2025 #brainbites
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
Tired of mismatched brain maps? 🧠
The Network Correspondence Toolbox (NCT) brings consistency to neuroimaging by aligning findings across atlases. A big leap toward reproducible brain science! @lucinauddin.bsky.social
www.ohbm-com.com/brain-bites/...
#OHBM2025 #BrainBites #neuroscience
The Network Correspondence Toolbox (NCT) brings consistency to neuroimaging by aligning findings across atlases. A big leap toward reproducible brain science! @lucinauddin.bsky.social
www.ohbm-com.com/brain-bites/...
#OHBM2025 #BrainBites #neuroscience
Keynote series Dr. Lucina Uddin - Mapping the Brain: Why Standardization Matters — OHBM Communications
The Network Correspondence Toolbox (NCT) helps neuroscientists compare brain imaging data across different atlases, addressing inconsistencies in how brain networks are labeled. Developed by Dr. Lucin...
www.ohbm-com.com
July 9, 2025 at 3:13 PM
Tired of mismatched brain maps? 🧠
The Network Correspondence Toolbox (NCT) brings consistency to neuroimaging by aligning findings across atlases. A big leap toward reproducible brain science! @lucinauddin.bsky.social
www.ohbm-com.com/brain-bites/...
#OHBM2025 #BrainBites #neuroscience
The Network Correspondence Toolbox (NCT) brings consistency to neuroimaging by aligning findings across atlases. A big leap toward reproducible brain science! @lucinauddin.bsky.social
www.ohbm-com.com/brain-bites/...
#OHBM2025 #BrainBites #neuroscience
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
@hilarybambrick.bsky.social fyi - the @scienceanu.bsky.social have a good starter pack - which is basically a list of peeps that is easy to follow in one click: go.bsky.app/D2Cih9V
July 22, 2025 at 10:33 PM
@hilarybambrick.bsky.social fyi - the @scienceanu.bsky.social have a good starter pack - which is basically a list of peeps that is easy to follow in one click: go.bsky.app/D2Cih9V
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
1- The neuroscience & psychology chapters of Sutton & Barto 2nd edition.
full PDF: incompleteideas.net/book/RLbook2...
2- A brief history of intelligence. Not neuroAI, but popular among grad students at RLC & our MSR interns as a deep conceptual introduction. www.abriefhistoryofintelligence.com/book
full PDF: incompleteideas.net/book/RLbook2...
2- A brief history of intelligence. Not neuroAI, but popular among grad students at RLC & our MSR interns as a deep conceptual introduction. www.abriefhistoryofintelligence.com/book
July 17, 2025 at 8:28 PM
1- The neuroscience & psychology chapters of Sutton & Barto 2nd edition.
full PDF: incompleteideas.net/book/RLbook2...
2- A brief history of intelligence. Not neuroAI, but popular among grad students at RLC & our MSR interns as a deep conceptual introduction. www.abriefhistoryofintelligence.com/book
full PDF: incompleteideas.net/book/RLbook2...
2- A brief history of intelligence. Not neuroAI, but popular among grad students at RLC & our MSR interns as a deep conceptual introduction. www.abriefhistoryofintelligence.com/book
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
🎵 Go behind the scenes of *Nine Sols*’ music!
Huge shoutout to FFXX and the incredible team who spent years crafting a *Taopunk* soundscape—fusing Eastern influences with modern sounds. ☯️
🎮 *Nine Sols* is now 30% OFF for a limited time—don’t miss out!
👇 Links below!
Huge shoutout to FFXX and the incredible team who spent years crafting a *Taopunk* soundscape—fusing Eastern influences with modern sounds. ☯️
🎮 *Nine Sols* is now 30% OFF for a limited time—don’t miss out!
👇 Links below!
June 20, 2025 at 7:26 AM
🎵 Go behind the scenes of *Nine Sols*’ music!
Huge shoutout to FFXX and the incredible team who spent years crafting a *Taopunk* soundscape—fusing Eastern influences with modern sounds. ☯️
🎮 *Nine Sols* is now 30% OFF for a limited time—don’t miss out!
👇 Links below!
Huge shoutout to FFXX and the incredible team who spent years crafting a *Taopunk* soundscape—fusing Eastern influences with modern sounds. ☯️
🎮 *Nine Sols* is now 30% OFF for a limited time—don’t miss out!
👇 Links below!
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
New paper in Imaging Neuroscience,
Generation of surrogate brain maps preserving spatial autocorrelation through random rotation of geometric eigenmodes
direct.mit.edu/imag/article...
Produces surrogates for null hypothesis testing of nonlinear effects within and correlations between brain maps
Generation of surrogate brain maps preserving spatial autocorrelation through random rotation of geometric eigenmodes
direct.mit.edu/imag/article...
Produces surrogates for null hypothesis testing of nonlinear effects within and correlations between brain maps
July 17, 2025 at 11:33 PM
New paper in Imaging Neuroscience,
Generation of surrogate brain maps preserving spatial autocorrelation through random rotation of geometric eigenmodes
direct.mit.edu/imag/article...
Produces surrogates for null hypothesis testing of nonlinear effects within and correlations between brain maps
Generation of surrogate brain maps preserving spatial autocorrelation through random rotation of geometric eigenmodes
direct.mit.edu/imag/article...
Produces surrogates for null hypothesis testing of nonlinear effects within and correlations between brain maps
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
Check out our recent preprint by Trang Cao and a huge team of collaborators, on the inter-site reliability of neuroanatomical alterations in psychiatric disorders! Teaser: cross-site correlations are not very high… 👇
1000s of studies have been published mapping neuroanatomical changes in psychiatric disorders. Can we ever converge on robust disease phenotypes? Our latest PP led by Trang Cao in a huge collab effort investigates this question...
@nsb-lab.bsky.social
@nsb-lab.bsky.social
July 17, 2025 at 9:51 PM
Check out our recent preprint by Trang Cao and a huge team of collaborators, on the inter-site reliability of neuroanatomical alterations in psychiatric disorders! Teaser: cross-site correlations are not very high… 👇
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
The popular Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) does NOT meet many crucial psychometric standards! Checkout our latest preprint led by @kanepav.bsky.social and using baseline measurements from the ABCD cohort:
New pre-print from @alexfornito.bsky.social , Toby Constable, Jeggan Tiego, and myself, looking at the psychometric properties of the CBCL in the baseline ABCD cohort. We show that the commonly used CBCL structures fail to meet standards for validity and reliability
osf.io/preprints/ps...
osf.io/preprints/ps...
OSF
osf.io
July 17, 2025 at 9:58 PM
The popular Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) does NOT meet many crucial psychometric standards! Checkout our latest preprint led by @kanepav.bsky.social and using baseline measurements from the ABCD cohort:
Reposted by Arshiya Sangchooli (He/They)
Have you been using ABCD data? Are you measuring psychopathology with the CBCL? You will want to check out our latest preprint, led by @kanepav.bsky.social, which shows that the constructs measured by the tool fail to meet many basic validity tests. Peep the thread!
New pre-print from @alexfornito.bsky.social , Toby Constable, Jeggan Tiego, and myself, looking at the psychometric properties of the CBCL in the baseline ABCD cohort. We show that the commonly used CBCL structures fail to meet standards for validity and reliability
osf.io/preprints/ps...
osf.io/preprints/ps...
OSF
osf.io
July 16, 2025 at 10:05 PM
Have you been using ABCD data? Are you measuring psychopathology with the CBCL? You will want to check out our latest preprint, led by @kanepav.bsky.social, which shows that the constructs measured by the tool fail to meet many basic validity tests. Peep the thread!