Then came a surprise: While mapping these circuits, we found neurons robustly recruited by the stimulation of many different, non-overlapping excitatory ensembles.

We named them General Ensemble-Response (GER) neurons.

7/13

In a different strategy, we decouple transgenic opsin expression from dense viral indicator expression, enabling read-write access to >1,000 neurons and read access to 10,000 neurons in a single acquisition volume 🤯

5/13

The transgenics allow for reliable holographic stimulation of large cortical ensembles with minimal power (<10 mW time-averaged power for 60 simultaneous targets).

4/13

We developed new fully-transgenic all-optical tools for robust and layer-specific read/write access across cortex. No viral injections needed. Stable, well-balanced, and wide-spread co-expression of soma-enriched ChRmine and indicator.

3/13