The Administrative Assistant will lead the scheduling and administration of external and internal seminars, with management and faculty meetings, social events, and special events such as institute re...

In vitro stimulation of healthy human immune cells is commonly used to reproduce the immune states observed in disease, both to understand pathology and to test therapeutic approaches. However, experiments typically focus on individual cell types and stimuli and a comprehensive cellular comparison of common immunomodulators and their relevance to disease is lacking. To this end, we performed integrated single-cell transcriptomic profiling of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells treated with 11 different common in vitro stimuli, totalling over 150,000 cells from 21 immune cell subtypes. Comparative analysis of the immunomodulations revealed their shared and unique pathways, for instance stimulation via the T cell receptor (anti-CD3, CytoStimTM) and IFN-α induced broad activation signatures including off-target effects across multiple cell types, whereas TNF-α and LPS elicited more specific responses. Ligand-receptor interaction mapping also uncovered the common and distinct intercellular signalling pathways across stimuli. Comparing the stimuli to patient samples enabled identification of specific inflammatory disease features best replicated by each. For example, IFN-α stimulation recapitulated signatures of SLE across cell types, whereas LPS induced SLE-like changes specifically within monocytes. Comparative cell-cell network analysis showed that in vitro stimuli were able to recreate some, but not all, aspects of intercellular interactions upregulated in SLE, highlighting the limitations of these model systems. This resource provides new insights into the similarities and differences of established immune stimuli at cellular resolution and facilitates appropriate use of in vitro systems to study pathways relevant to disease. ### Competing Interest Statement The authors have declared no competing interest.

Improving the detection of small RNAs in fecal samples paves the way for novel, non-invasive biomarkers to monitor intestinal health.

This Protocol outlines the steps for high-throughput single microorganism isolation and microfluidic droplet-based encapsulation and barcoding to obtain single cell transcriptomes from both cultured…

Fecal microbiota transplants (FMTs) may not always effectively restore small bowel microbiota due to regional differences in gut environments, potentially causing unintended effects on metabolism and ...

Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology - In this Review, Sanz and colleagues discuss how diet shapes the gut microbiome, the role of diet–microbiome interactions on the immune,...

Everyday actions such as eating, tooth brushing or applying cosmetics inherently modulate our microbiome. Advances in sequencing technologies now facilitate detailed microbial profiling, driving inten...